polishgrammar, ►Języki Obce►, j.Polski dla obcokrajowców
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Polish
Grammar in a
Nutshell
© Oscar E. Swan
University of Pittsburgh
2003
Information on Polish sounds and grammar
which should be mastered by the
intermediate-level student of the
language.
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
540
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
CONTENTS
The Polish Alphabet and Sounds 5
Notes on Spelling and Pronunciation 6
Sound Changes 8
Nouns 9
Noun Gender 9
Cases and Case Use 11
Noun Phrases 13
Regular Noun Endings 15
Distribution of Endings 16
Noun Endings Depending on the Hard-Soft Distinction 17
Noun Declensions 19
Days of the Week 23
Compass Directions 23
Months 24
Pronouns 24
Personal Pronouns 24
Possessive Pronouns 26
Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns 27
Intensive Pronoun 28
Reflexive Pronoun 28
Distributive Pronoun 29
Adjectives 30
Adjective Declension 30
Adjective-Noun Order 30
Comparison of Adjectives 31
Adjective Opposites 31
Adverbs 33
Comparison of Adverbs 33
Non-Adjectival Adverbs 35
Numerals 37
Cardinal Numerals 37
Compound Numbers 38
Declension of Cardinal Numerals 38
541
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
Collective Numerals 41
Reified Numerals 42
Indefinite Numerals 42
Counting People 42
Ordinal Numerals 43
Time of Day 43
Dates, Years, Expressing ‘How Old’ 44
Prepositions 45
Prepositions Arranged According to Case 46
Prepositions Expressing 'at', 'to', 'from' 47
Expressions of Time 47
Polish Translations of 'For' 48
Conjunctions 50
Verbs 51
Finite Verb Categories 53
Present Tense 53
Summary of Verb Classes 56
Imperative 57
Past Tense 58
Future Tense 60
Perfective and Imperfective Aspect 60
Verbs of Motion 62
Conditional Mood 63
Participles and Gerunds 64
Passive Voice 66
Impersonal Verbs 67
Reflexive Verbs 68
Important Sentence Constructions 71
Constructions with the Infinitive 71
Modal Expressions 71
‘Introducing’ Sentences 71
Expressing 'There Is' 72
Predicate Nouns and Adjectives 72
Yes-No Questions 72
Negation 72
Word Order 73
Sentence Intonation 73
542
POLISH GRAMMAR IN A NUTSHELL
THE POLISH ALPHABET AND SOUNDS
Here is the Polish alphabet:
a, à, b, c, ç, d, e, ´, f, g, h, I, j, k, l, ∏, m, n, ƒ, o ,
ó, p, r, s, Ê, t, u, w, y, z, ê, ˝.
SOUND VALUES OF THE LETTERS
APPROXIMATE
LETTER
ENGLISH SOUND
EXAMPLE
a
f
a
ther
tak
thus, so, yes,
raz
once
à
d
ome
sà
they are
, wà˝
snake
The sound
à
is pronounced like
om
, except that the lips or tongue are not
completely closed to pronounce the
m
, leaving a nasal resonance instead.
b
b
ig
bok
side,
aby
so that
bi-
b
eautiful
bieg
course, run, race,
tobie
to you
c
fi
ts
co
what
, noc
night
,
taca
tray
ch
h
all
chata
cottage,
ucho
ear,
dach
roof
The sound of
ch
is much raspier and noisier than English
h
.
ci-
ch
eek
ciasto
cake
,
cicho
quiet
cz
ch
alk
czas
time,
gracz
player,
t´cza
rainbow
ç
ch
eek
choç
although,
niçmi
thread (Inst. pl.)
The letters
ç
and
ci-
are pronounced the same. The combination
ci-
is used
before a vowel. The letter
c
before
i
is pronounced like
ç/ci-.
The sound of
ç
/
ci-
,
pronounced with the mouth in the position of English )y), is different
from that of
cz
, pronounced with the mouth in the position of English "r".
d
d
o
data
date,
lada
counter
dz
o
dds
cudzy
foreign,
wodze
reins
dzi-
j
eans
dziadek
grandfather,
ludzie
people
dê
j
eans
wiedêma
witch.
ludêmi
people-Instr.pl.
d˝
j
aw
d˝ez
jazz,
rad˝a
rajah
The letters
dê
and
dzi-
are pronounced the same. The combination
dzi-
is
used before a vowel. The letters
dz
before
i
are pronounced like
dê/dzi-.
The sound of
dê
/
dzi-
,
pronounced with the mouth in the position of English
"y", is different from that of
d˝
, pronounced with the mouth in the position of
English "r".
e
e
ver
ten
this (masc.),
ale
but
,
Edek
Eddie
´
s
en
se
g´Ê
goose,
t´skniç
long for
The sound
´
is pronounced like
em
, except that the lips or tongue are not
completely closed to pronounce the
m
, leaving a nasal resonance instead. At
the end of a word, the letter
´
is normally pronounced the same as
e
:
naprawd´
"naprawde".
f
f
elt
farba
paint,
lufa
rifle-barrel,
blef
bluff
g
g
et
guma
rubber,
noga
leg, foot
gi-
bu
g y
ou
gie∏da
stock-market,
magiel
mangle
h
h
all
hak
hook,
aha
aha!
543
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